Systemic and complexity perspectives a highlight of IPAA conference, Perth

From Monday last I have been in Perth presenting at the Institute of Public Administration Australia (IPAA) National Conference. The aptly named conference 'Western reflections: conversations on the place of Australian Public Services in a changing world' went off smoothly. With the backing of Lynn Allen and her program organising group there has been a strong contingent of systems and complexity thinkers leading the various sessions. The speakers all seem to have been well received - or at least provoked some form of engagement. Plenary speakers included Linda Scott of Primed who started with an engaging theatre piece purpose-designed for the conference around a water development scenario based in WA. The two day conference was followed by a Policy in Action: Researchers and Practitioners Forum led off by Dave Snowden and then addressing the themes of mental health, cultural policy and water. Lynn is to be congratulated in creating the circumstances to re-awaken interest in systems and complexity approaches to public administration and to introduce (re-introduce?) it to IPAA. In WA Lynn and her colleague Trudi Lang offer a systems-based programme called 'Navigating the Maze'.

The text of my invited plenary follows (slides are available on request):

Appreciating Janus? A systemic inquiry for water-managing

Paper delivered by Ray Ison to The IPAA National Conference, Tuesday 18 September 2007

Abstract

Janus was the Roman god of gates, doors, doorways, beginnings, and endings. If Janus were to be assigned to the pantheon of contemporary gods on the basis of experience of early 21^st century organisational life and governance he would probably become recognised as the god of dualism – of self negating either/ors such as east and west. Based on my experience of research within Europe relating to social learning, a new governance mechanism suitable for policy and practices for sustainable water management, I will make the case for considering Janus as the god of duality - of systemic wholes. Those present will be invited to begin a systemic inquiry into what it is that they do when they do what they do. Systemic inquiry, as a broader context for projects and programmes, and understandings based on dualities seem to offer what is needed when we live in a climate change world that demands administration and governance based on processes of co-evolution – people with their environment.

Keywords: systemic inquiry; social learning, water governance; knowledge transfer; policy practice.

Introducing Janus
Janus was the Roman god of gates, doors, doorways, beginnings, and endings. What the Romans realised in admitting Janus to their Pantheon of Gods was the eternal flow and connectedness that is central to our world. Janus is an antidote to the trap of language that arises when we name, and then think of, things in isolation from the processes of which they are a part. The Romans would have realised that a sunrise in eastern Australia was part of the same process as a sunset in Western Australia – what differs is the way we choose to perceive and interpret what we have experienced. Thus a gate or door merely marks the transition from inside to outside; a story or conversation has a beginning and an ending but they are part of the same whole. The same can be claimed for ‘western reflections’!
A pathology – being in a trap
Hungarian born author and polymath Arthur Koestler explicated in his books The Ghost in the Machine and later Janus: A Summing Up what he called the ‘Janus Principle’. In these books he bridged concepts of reductionism and holism with his systemic theory of Open Hierarchical Systems based on holons – his term for wholes. He argued that holons in a holarchy have the dual tendency of integration and development and when out of balance they tend to a pathology – a trap of our own making. This slide exemplifies the systemic notion of a holarchy. If you think about it clearly the slide reveals a number of systemic concepts – the first of course is the layered, holonic structure, which also applies to our own thinking – we all have different perspectives from which the common act of talking past each other arises – often when this is done we may be speaking at different levels – at different levels of abstraction. Used with awareness moving up a level of abstraction can be used creatively to escape traps operating at the lower level. To move levels is also to move the boundary of your system of interest – there are emergent properties at higher levels not apparent at lower levels. For example I wonder what those of you in WA think about the so called National Water Plan which appears to have its boundary firmly drawn on the Murray-Darling basin? In my talk today I want to suggest the existence of a pathology in relation to water and its managing and in relation to the dominant ways of thinking about these issues – after all water is a part of a closed cycle and wherever humans choose to intervene there is the equivalent of an upstream and a downstream perspective.
The dualism/duality distinction
Admitting Janus to the pantheon of public administration gods is a choice to be made – in contemporary society prevailing discourses and practices too often ignore or reject the Janus Principle. In terms of current needs, as I perceive them, I want to incorporate into the Janus Principle an additional distinction, which rather than connecting upstream with downstream, or one level of abstraction with a higher or lower level, operates at the same logical level. The distinction is that between a dualism and a duality. We would invoke a dualism, an either/or choice, if in our thinking we saw east as distinct from and independent of west. Dualisms, presented as either/or choices are too common in our thinking, such as mind/body, public good/private good, objective/subjective; centralisation/decentralisation; rural/urban, explanation/explainer – there are many more. Dualisms often give rise to protracted and unproductive debate - they involve a negation – one element of the other – a process which is ultimately destructive. In contrast a duality arises whenever we see a complementary pair operating at the same logical level as contributing to some whole – a variation on the Janus metaphor.

The Chinese yin–yang symbol is often used to depict this unity/duality. At the Open University we in the Open Systems Research Group have drawn on our understanding of a duality to develop the logo for our research group and it is an understanding that also informs our research practices. Some common examples of a duality include the concepts predator and prey (from ecology) and in physics, wave-particle duality is a central concept of quantum mechanics. Wave-particle duality holds that light and matter can exhibit properties of both waves and of particles (whereas in the usual formulations of classical mechanics a given object is either a particle or a wave). The failure to appreciate Janus amongst our contemporary administrative practice gods gives rise to traps of our own making.
Systemic inquiry
How can we break out of traps of our own making? I contend that engaging in a systemic inquiry is one of the better ways to break out of the pathology that can arise when the Janus Principle does not operate. Systemic is one of the two adjectives derived from system - together systemic and systematic can form a duality although most commonly, if they are considered at all, they are treated as a dualism. Systemic inquiry proceeds by enacting a learning process with those who have a stake in a situation experienced as problematic or as presenting an opportunity. Systemic inquiry is a particular means of facilitating movement towards social learning[1]. It can be seen as a meta-platform or process for ‘project or programme managing’ in that it has a focus on (i) understanding situations in context and especially the history of the situation; (ii) addressing questions of purpose; (iii) clarifying and distinguishing ‘what’ from ‘how’ as well as addressing ‘why’; (iv) facilitating action that is purposeful and which is systemically desirable and culturally feasible and (v) developing a means to orchestrate practices across space and time which continue to address a phenomenon or phenomena of social concern when it is unclear at the start as to what would constitute an improvement.

The possibility of designing a systemic inquiry is open to anyone who is able to make a connection between a theoretical framework (in this case concerned with systems thinking and practice) a methodological approach and a given situation. Over the last five years we have been pursuing our research with the Environment Agency of England & Wales organised, even contractually, as a systemic inquiry. Our rationale for doing it this way was because:

• we are often blind to our traditions of understanding
• the nature of situations we are having to engage with
• there is considerable rhetoric about being more joined-up, holistic, ‘integrated’ …but praxis (theory-informed practice) is weak or non-existent
• we live in a ‘projectified-world’ and there is increasing evidence that ‘projects’ deal poorly with complex, long-term phenomena e.g. PRINCE2 project management system;
• an inquiry-based approach enables managing and/or researching for emergence
• ethics arise in context-related action

Jake Chapman has also made arguments as to why systemic approaches are needed to avoid system failure in government policies and practices.
Invitation to engage in a systemic inquiry
With this as background I now want to draw on the ‘Janus Principle’ and the distinction I have made between dualism and duality to invite you to join with me in beginning a systemic inquiry operating at two levels. I hope that by the end of my talk you may see fit to continue these inquiries, in whatever way you can, beyond the life of this conference.

The first is to inquire into what we collectively do when we set about managing water
The second is concerned with each of us and my starting question is: what is it that you do when you do what you do?

Consistent with the Janus principle I am inviting an inquiry into a situation of concern as well as, and at the same time, an inquiry into the inquirer. In advancing both inquiries I will draw on my own research and scholarship, and in relation to water, particularly my experiences in Europe since 2000.
Water – characteristics of the situation
Why have I issued these particular invitations? Well water is an issue of global concern as the following images depict:

• Through climate change we are literally re-drawing our world
• In the worlds fastest growing economy the water situation is not sustainable – glaciers, river degradation, availability
• Our own rivers are not healthy
• We are experiencing a period of the lowest rainfall on record – particularly in the dark brown areas
• The Murray/Darling – as with many other rivers - is in dire circumstances;
• Livelihoods are threatened- some are using crisis to describe the situation!
• To act needs an appreciation of a complex of factors – a systemic approach
• And at the same time we exacerbate the institutional and organisational complexity

I am sure all amongst you are affected in some way by the current water situation in Australia, whether through water use restrictions, friends or family who are irrigators or farmers, increased food prices, concerns about loss of environmental flows or involvement in developing new water-related policies or technologies. I would characterise the situation we are experiencing as essentially unknowable – it is a situation characterised by uncertainty, complexity, connectedness – or lack of it – controversy and multiple perspectives. These characteristics apply to all water catchments or basins.

Water is also a domain where the pathology associated with the Janus Principle is being played out. The prevalent tendency is to regard water as a commodity and to forget its role as a process. At some stage during your schooling I feel sure you were taught about the water cycle – it is one of the fundamental cycles on which all life exists. So whenever we talk about water we are using a linguistic shorthand (i.e. water as some thing) to talk about a process that is both local and global in its scale and distributed in time but which is a closed system. Whenever humans intervene in the water cycle to build dams, set up irrigation schemes etc then in theory the Janus principle should operate – there is always a whole to which an action is but a part! Of course many recognise what I have said and many inventive and creative things are being done – probably also here in WA. But for us as citizens and as a nation to be responsible then the circumstances for response-ability have to be created. It is my contention that our current understandings and how these are translated into practices, particularly through policy and institutions, in the institutional economics sense, are not conducive to creating the best circumstances for response-ability.

Before turning to our work in Europe particularly that associated with ‘social learning’ and the development and implementation of the European Water Framework directive let me turn briefly to my second inquiry invitation:

what is it that you do when you do what you do?

Practices (doings) arise through relationships
By inviting you to reflect on what you do when you do what you do I am inviting you to consider what you do in terms of a practice or set of practices. Let me demonstrate what I mean by asking you to answer the question:

How does walking arise as a practice?

[Pose possible answers to the audience; Do exercise]

In my experience few people answer my question about walking in terms of a practice that arises in the relationship between an organism – a human – and a medium – the floor. Thinking in terms of the dynamics of relationships seems particularly difficult for many. That this is so should be worrying. My explanation about walking serves as an analogy for co-evolution – whether of human beings with the world or for how we lay down our world in our doing – as elegantly captured in this Michael Leunig cartoon.
Traditions of understanding
As unique human beings we are part of a lineage and our history is a product of both ontogeny, of biological growth and development, and social development which I will call a tradition. Perhaps another way to describe this is that a tradition is the history of our being in the world. Traditions are important because our models of understanding grow out of traditions. I shall further define a tradition as a network of prejudices that provide possible answers and strategies for action. The word prejudices may be literally understood as a pre-understanding, so another way of defining tradition could be as a network of pre-understandings. Traditions are not only ways to see and act but a way to conceal.

Traditions in a culture embed what has, over time, been judged to be useful practice. The risk for any culture is that a tradition can become a blind spot when it evolves into practice lacking any manner of critical reflection being connected to it. The effects of blind spots can be observed at the level of the individual, the group, an organization, the nation or culture and in the metaphors and discourses in which we are immersed.
Knowledge transfer – a particular tradition
Let me exemplify what I mean by rather quickly unpacking the widespread notion of ‘knowledge transfer’ as it demonstrates a particular pathology and what I mean by traditions of understanding. In the mainstream view knowledge transfer is associated with the prevailing linear model of R&D. Both this model of R&D and ‘knowledge transfer’ as practices or policies are knowingly, or not, built on epistemological assumptions which are the same as in this cartoon – knowledge as commodity. These in turn are built on particular theoretical assumptions – the linear model of technology transfer and Everett Roger’s theory of the diffusion of innovations. The mainstream view is also built on particular metaphors associated with human communication – here are the main metaphors – and in relation to knowledge transfer the main metaphor is that of 'communication as signal transfer'. The prevalence of this metaphor is a legacy of the use by Heinz von Foerster of 'information' to replace 'signal transfer' when writing up the proceedings of the Macy conferences in the 1950s. Communication as information transfer is based on the mathematical model of Shannon and Weaver and it has linguistically, in terms of everyday use, become pervasive: Everett Rogers, in his preface to the third edition of "Diffusion of Innovations", acknowledges that "many diffusion scholars have conceptualised the diffusion process as one-way persuasion" and that "most past diffusion studies have been based upon a linear model of communication defined as the process by which messages are transferred from a source to a receiver."

The metaphor appropriate to human communication as a biological and social process is the dance ritual metaphor – it can be understood as conversation – particularly its Latin roots, con versare, meaning to turn together. If you are interested in pursuing the alternatives to the main stream view as part of your on-going inquiry then I recommend our book. I have worked closely with policy makers in the UK and Australia who have been responsible for developing ‘knowledge transfer’ strategies. I now know that initially they were not aware of what it was they did when they did what they did! Put simply they acted out of their tradition of understanding - as if knowledge could be transferred from one person to another!
Water managing in Europe
Let me return to water governance and managing in Europe and our work with ‘social learning’. My approach is necessarily broad brush – but the detail can be followed up if you wish to. In presenting this I am inviting you to consider how European experience might enhance Australia’s water governance – policies and practice.

Synopsis of the SLIM story
From 2000 to 2004 I was fortunate to be the coordinator of, as well as a principle researcher in, the EU-funded Fifth framework project called SLIM. SLIM stands for ‘social learning for the sustainable use and management of water at catchment scale’- the project was interdisciplinary, with a focus on what we call interactive social research and involved partners from UK, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden. The rationale for the SLIM research came originally from the perception of water catchments as ‘‘bundles’’ of natural resources and ecological services whose sustainable management requires the continuous balancing and integration of social, economic and ecological factors in a complex process of societal transformation. Historically water policy – and most environmental policy for that matter have been based on a limited set of governance mechanisms. Take for example this quote from an EU Environment Commissioner at the time we were doing our research. The SLIM position was that a mainstream understanding of water catchments and governance mechanisms built on a fixed form of knowledge, independent of its historical and social construction, was no longer sufficient. If we were to accept catchments as exemplifying a resource dilemma characterised by interdependencies, complexity, uncertainty, conflict, multiple stakeholders, multiple perspectives then the traditional policy prescriptions and the ‘transfer’ model of scientific research seemed ill-equipped to deal with their on going managing – as an active, co-evolutionary process. In contrast social learning is built on a different understanding of how knowledge and action are constructed.

In starting our research we recognised that for ‘social learning’ to become a complementary policy instrument in water governance its successful conduct needed to be much better understood as a conceptual framework, an operational principle, a policy instrument and a process of systemic change. Subsequent SLIM case studies provide evidence for achieving the transformation of individual and institutional behaviour, at large social scale, with significant technical results, through deliberate investment in multi-stakeholder learning processes or social learning. We have found the idea of an orchestra creating a satisfying performance to be a good metaphor for what we mean by social learning. Creating a satisfying performance involves the interactions of many factors and is also the product of the relationship between orchestra and audience.

I do not have time here today to elaborate on the evidence base- this can be found in the final report, case studies and a set of policy briefings all of which can be downloaded from the web. There is also a recent special edition of Environmental Science and Policy devoted to SLIM.
The SLIM heuristic
Based on our research evidence we argue that social learning can be invested in as a policy option that is different from, but complementary to, the mainstream approaches. But to invest in it also requires capacity building and an appreciation of those factors that most enhance, or constrain social learning – or in terms of our metaphor an effective performance. Our case studies provide empirical evidence for the importance of five variables that through their interactions constrain or enhance social learning. These have been incorporated into a heuristic to depict how the transformation of a complex situation in terms of changes in understandings and practices depend on the systemic interaction of:

(i) the history of the situation;

(ii) stakeholding

(iii) facilitation

(iv) institution and policies

(v) ecological constraints – a proxy really for epistemology as it concerns the knowledge claims for what constitutes an improvement.

Let me briefly mention one of these variables – institutions and practices.

The WFD – a conducive policy?
At the same time as we were engaged with SLIM the European Water Framework Directive – I will refer to it as the WFD – was being introduced. It is a legally-binding document which requires all European Union Member States to implement water management measures to achieve ‘good overall quality’ of European water bodies by 2015 with another cycle to operate from 2015 to 2027. It results from a joint decision and policy-making process in which the European Parliament played an unusually significant part. It was strengthened by a powerful pro-ecology coalition of environmental NGOs. The policy development process was controversial with the formal text produced in October 2000. The text refers to water as both a fundamental human right and as a commodity – what is perhaps most significant is that the historical basis of managing water has been changed. In the past it was largely the province of chemists and engineers – water quality was the key variable, whereas now it is the ecological status that has to be managed. With this change it has taken many in Europe some time to realise that the WFD is as much a land management directive as it is a water directive – this is what happens when water’s roll in ecological processes is recognised. Will it be successful? It is too early to tell.

Continuing this systemic inquiry?
I have been back in Australia on sabbatical leave now for a year. What have I gleaned in this time that I would urge you to consider if you were to continue this systemic inquiry?

Firstly I would urge you to admit Janus to the Pantheon of public sector gods if for no other reason than the excesses of New Public Management with its narrow focus on efficiency at the expense of effectiveness. In a forthcoming paper Kathy MacDermott argues that ‘within the broader system change, the new disciplines of NPM … reshape relations between government and the public service in less expected ways. Within them lies the capacity to shift the norm away from ‘frank and fearless’ behaviour and towards unquestioning responsiveness to the spoken and unspoken wishes of the government of the day’. She asks ‘whether some of the disciplines of NPM may have been internalised in ways which facilitated the problematic events of recent times, for which both the public service itself, governments and the state of Australian democracy, have recently been criticised.’

Her overall conclusion is that the reforms of NPM have been internalised by the public service in ways that leave it much less protected against pressures towards politicisation than it has been over its earlier history.

So a question must be is the current temple of Australian public administration a conducive environment for Janus? Consider this question in the light of the variables in the SLIM heuristic? From my perspective there is much to be revealed from such an inquiry. I have already outlined elsewhere why I consider the so-called $10 billion water plan to be inadequate for the circumstances – I will say more about this on Friday. It is also clear to me that Federalism is not working – in the sense of creating an effective performance to deal with situations of complexity. But this is not only an Australian phenomenon – I see similar issues arising in the UK, South Africa and Australia in relation to water policy and practice – something that needs to be changed for effective climate change adaptation. I suggest, above all else, policy and practice need to be developed in ways that are systemically desirable and culturally feasible. It is worth considering

• An Australian WFD?
• Looking beyond Australia for institutional arrangements– changing the boundary of the water managing system of interest (I will say more about this on Friday)
• Addressing capacity and community of practice issues across the whole country i.e common understandings and practices that allow greater flexibility in the movement of staff between states and territories.
  
• Policies that promote innovations – especially on the demand side – and that may be useful to other countries
• Join up social and technological/institutional policies and practice

Based on my European experience amongst policy makers in Brussels I suggest a major trap is the failure to see a policy as a social technology that mediates actions in context specific ways – just as a hammer makes little sense without considering the hammerer, the hammered and the overall setting and performance especially the interpretation of purpose on the part of the hammerer!

Australia is crying out for a national rural development strategy attuned to future livelihood possibilities. In this and in the on-going managing of water and other natural resource issues social learning is worthy of purposeful investment as a new but complementary policy paradigm. We need to ask is current performance adequate? And is it supported by systems thinking and practice capability – systems practitioners engaged in everyday managing but capable of working with complexity, acknowledging multiple perspectives, assembling multiple partial views through active processes of building stakeholding and, in the process, surfacing assumptions and traps?

I leave you with the following two questions:

What might be revealed if you used the SLIM heuristic to explore what it is that you do when you do what you do

and

As administrators how might you transform your own situation through social learning?

If pursued systemically these questions should aid your engagement with complexity but remember complexity is as much a property of our understandascope as it is the world we see. Because of this more is needed – we need second order change and second order understanding – we need to understand our understandings. Thank you and good luck with your inquiries.

---

[1] understood as concerted action by multiple stakeholders in situations of complexity and uncertainty

I also made a short presentation as part of the water panel on the final day.

An 'affordable' - well almost! - paperback version of Ison and Russell has just been released

At long last Cambridge University Press have released a paperback version of our book 'Agricultural Extension and Rural Development'. Those of you who already know the work might realise that in this version the sub-title has been slightly altered - it now reads as 'Breaking out of Knowledge Transfer Traditions'. The book is now available PB ISBN:052103941X at £23.99 or US$45.00.

The original hard cover edition of Ison and Russell was released in 2000 and although not widely reviewed, those that did appear usually offered critical engagement with the ideas of the book - in the main they were positive. Some reviewers missed the point entirely! Some of the reviews are reproduced below.

Reviews of our book:

1. The Journal of Agricultural Science Volume 134 Issue 3

Agricultural Extension and Rural Development: Breaking out of Traditions, eds R. Ison & D. Russell. xii.239 pp. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. £35.00 or $59.95 (hardback). ISBN 9 780521642019.

At the recent International Rangeland Congress (July 1999, Townsville), participants came to the sobering conclusion that the ` best practice ' recommendations of scientists over the last 30 years had performed no better and often worse against a range of objective measures, than ` top' pastoralists' practice in maintaining range productivity, ecological function and profitability. The contributors to this book provide theoretical and methodological insight into why this might be so, as well as how research and extension professionals, together with industry stakeholders, from producers through to processors and marketeers, might choose in the future to go about the business of knowledge development and shared learning in a different way.

They illustrate their case by reference to their interaction over a number of years with sheep producers and the wool industry in the semi-arid Western Division of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. But the implications have far wider application and are in fact consonant with what is emerging as the leading edge of thinking and practice wherever research funding, research management and extension aim to sustain farming and rural communities in ways which are both environmentally safe as well as profitable.

The book introduces a number of key concepts, presented initially in Part I but elaborated and illustrated at numerous points throughout. An important opening concept is that of multiple traditions of understanding. It draws attention to the way that science works within intellectual traditions that serve both to offer new perspectives through the doors that are opened but also to constrain perception and understanding by the doors that remain closed. Pastoral science has proceeded on the basis of traditions which have obscured as much as illuminated, not least because of the tendency to avoid recognition that multiple traditions do exist and, moreover, that pastoral producers themselves work within their own traditions of knowledge and learning. The authors recognize, as scientists, that what they call first order change, that is, change within existing traditions of understanding and practice, is both useful and necessary. But they argue for complementary commitment to second order change, that is, systemic change which brings about change in the structure of traditions. The varying, sometimes contradictory, traditions of understanding that have guided policy, research and extension in the Western Division of NSW since nineteenth century settlement began are elaborated in Part II, together with an analytic report of semi-structured interviews with extensionists, middle managers and senior executives in R&D organizations with a stake in the Western Division. The SSIs suggest, as other research elsewhere has done, that explanations of experience are explained in terms of experience, and that ` the generated experience always remains secondary to the world of daily living ' (p. 157). In plain words, the ways we understand the world are coloured by the world we experience; the structures within which we work matter.

Ison, Russell and Fell in Part I thus argue that, theoretically, second order change requires attention to the biology of cognition and here they draw largely on the work of two Chilean neurobiologists, Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela. A foundation concept is that it is impossible for biological organisms to directly apprehend the world (the mind is informationally closed). People are structurally coupled to their environment via triggered response mechanisms. The coupled structure coevolves as people determine the world they experience. Each person's perceptions of the world they experience is unique: we can have an experience in common but literally cannot share a common experience. Adaptive learning, and the articulation and sharing of learning through languaging, thus bring forth a world (rather than reveal, as the tradition of normal science would have it, the nature of the world). Perception at a distance (through technology or theory) mediates and extends the networks of shared learning. This opens the way to understanding how stakeholders can be invited to cocreate future worlds by engaging together in systematic knowledge generation and shared learning processes to bring about second order change. A key notion here is that of enthusiasm, which the authors use as an organizing principle for how they approach their work as researchers and extensionists, as well as to describe what they aspire to recognize and support among the wool growers in the co-researching process. Intellectually in its root meaning it draws attention to the possibility of understanding being generated from within. Emotion- ally it signals the inner motivation that gives energy and direction to identifying and achieving what it is we want to do. Methodologically, it moves the research process toward narrative, conversations that allow someone to tell their story rather than impart ` facts ', stories that convey meanings, share interpretations, reveal enthusiasms. Common enthusiasms then form the basis of working together in more focused research and action (which may indeed involve some first order science).

The reader is taken in Part III through the history of a research project which aspired to bring into being the concepts outlined above, whilst as yet the researchers themselves had scant experience in how to act or guide such a process. Mistakes are honestly reported as well as the delights and excitements that arose as the process began to generate the energy, commitment, and systemic effects anticipated by theory. The first-person views and experiences of some of the wool growers are presented in chapter 8 and largely confirm, in the view of the producers themselves, the importance of the complementary role of the new way of ` doing research', ` extension', and ` development' in helping families, communities, and indeed whole industries, to learn how to survive in a fast-changing world.

Part IV attempts to systematize the experiences recorded in the book, to provide guidelines for designing R&D systems which can bring different, often initially antagonistic stakeholders, into concerted action for mutual benefit. The proposed process design avoids the trap of assuming there must be consensus in terms of values or understanding; what is needed, rather, is appreciation of difference and the development of a common statement of the purposes for which action should be taken. By making the procedures explicit the authors aspire to advance practice by creating the possibility for critical appraisal, or openness to public scrutiny. Without such transparency, R&D is likely to remain locked in traditions which fail to meet the needs of societies which are faced with the necessity of rapid change, but which lack procedures for generating shared understanding as the basis for effective action.

This book represents in many ways work in progress at the leading edge of what is emerging as ` best practice ' in agricultural R&D. It presents concepts that will be unfamiliar to many readers, sometimes in a difficult prose style (perhaps evidence of the acts of languaging that must take place as new understanding emerges). But it is highly recommended for students, practitioners and R&D managers everywhere +/- and not least to science professors within agricultural universities who do not yet see how their experience of the world within university structures is blocking the generation of the very understanding we may need to survive.
j. jiggins

2. A Review by: Dr Wolfgang Bayer, Advisor in Livestock, Range and Forage Husbandry, Rohnsweg 56, D-37085 Göttingen, Germany. E‑mail: wb_bayer@web.de)

Ison R & Russell D (eds). 2000. 239pp. ISBN 0521642019. Cambridge University Press. Price: GBP 37.50.

What a book! It shows that the assumptions about and approach to agricultural research and development that have been exported from ‘developed’ countries are now being strongly challenged even there.

In a research project in western New South Wales in Australia, where sheep are kept on arid rangeland, it was realised that the conventional transfer-of-technology approach to extension is not working. Detailed research revealed that a major reason for this is the lack of communication between farmers (‘graziers’ or ‘wool producers’) and various government and private services. Action research was carried out primarily through discussions, meetings and visits (to wool mills, the wool marketing board, etc). A chapter entitled ‘The graziers’ story’ gives the producers’ assessments of the research process and outcome. It does this not according to any fixed format or specific indicators, but by presenting subjective and fascinating accounts.

The main thrust of the book is to encourage reflection on approaches to research and development. A distinction is made between ‘first-order processes’ in research, in which the scientists are outside the system they are observing and analysing, and ‘second-order processes’, in which the scientists are active partners in a development process. It is also stressed that the choice of research subject and approach cannot be divorced from the personal histories of the scientists involved.

Of particular interest for people concerned with policy and power is the chapter ‘From theodolite to satellite’. It recounts the history of range monitoring, which is carried out for two main reasons:

• because the resource users and the state want to have ‘order’ in an apparently chaotic world;
• because the state and its various services want to exert power over the resources and resource users.

The book offers some very stimulating reading on interactions between different stakeholders that by overcoming barriers to communication have resulted in developing new knowledge. However, a point of criticism is the high price, which unfortunately puts the book out of the reach of most potential readers.

3. Writing in 'Agricultural Systems' M. Waithaka outlines the book and concludes 'that it is a timely message, given that research and development agencies especially in the developing world are grappling with the problems of how to make research more appropriate to the end users..'

Hopefully the price of the paperback version will make it more accessible to potential readers!

Blogger depression relieved by holiday in McLaran Vale!

I noted on a recent posting of Dave Snowden's blog how proud he was that he had averaged one posting a day over a whole year. At one level I am impressed - it takes commitment and, for me at least, the sustenance of one's conviction that you have something worthwhile to say . Seeing this post made me realise I was not in competition - with myself or anyone else. Despite this my commitment to blogging has waned since early winter (Australian that is!) - my explanation is that I have been overwhelmed by the issues that present themselves on a daily basis, particularly here in Australia, demanding some form of systemic analysis or commentary (it is certainly not provided in the mainstream media). Take for example the pseudo-election campaign here in Oz which is like some bizarre danse macabre for two party politics! To this add the nature and form of the PM's intervention into aboriginal affairs, the draconian laws and security arrangements around APEC and recent major policy initiatives such as the Commonwealth Water Bill (see also this article), expansion of coal mining in the NSW Hunter Valley etc.

Five nights in McLaran Vale have lifted the spirits! It is a great wine country. Try d’Arry’s Verandah Restaurant if you have the chance!

Bushwalking in a wet landscape .......at last!

Less than an hour from Melbourne - a most enjoyable walk near Blackwood in an area dug over by gold miners in the 1850s and 60s, much of it along the Lerderderg River. We saw fabulous fungi and enjoyed the running water...such a change from pasts months, even years.

Australia - almost a year on and 'the corruption of public debate under Howard'

My return to Australia in July 2006 was part of the rationale for starting this blog. Now almost a year on David Marr has expressed, far more articulately then me, how under John Howard (and his predecessors) public debate has been corrupted in this country. The nature of this corruption has become apparent to me since my return. Its most insidious form is the creation of a climate by government - in all its forms - in which self censorship is readily applied. Australia is a highly bureaucratic country in which Government patronage pervades all aspects of life. Despite the numbers and levels of governments (local, state and national) Australia suffers a democracy deficit. It was with these thoughts that last Thursday I went to hear David Marr in conversation with Terry Lane about his Quarterly Essay entitled: 'His Master's Voice. The Corruption of Public Debate under Howard'. I had heard that his essay was the most widely sought article at the recent Sydney writer's festival.

I do not intend to summarise the arguments here - I recommend it for anyone, whether Australian or British or wherever - because it has themes relevant to all democracies. Some of the highlights for me were:

• 'At the heart of democracy is a contest of conversations. The tone of a democracy is set by the dialogue between nation and its leaders. For the last decade, Australia has had a prime minister who thinks it beneath him to admit mistakes' (p. 3);
• 'Peter Hartcher wrote of Howard putting himself "beyond political resolve into a realm of almost superhuman recalcitrance"' (p. 3);
• 'Since 1996, Howard has cowed scientists, silenced non-government organisations, neutered Canberra's mandarins, curtailed parliamentary scrutiny, censored the arts, banned books, criminalised protest and prosecuted whistleblowers........Howard's government has been the most unscrupulous corrupter of public debate in Australia since the Cold War's worst days back in the 1950s' (p. 4)
• 'We've watched Howard spin, block, prevaricate, sidestep, confound and just keep talking come what may through any crisis. Words grind out of him unstoppably. he has a genius for ambiguity we've almost come to applaud, and most of the time he keeps himself just this side of deceit. But he also lies without shame.' (p. 5)
• 'More than any law, any failure of the opposition or individual act of bastardry over the last decade, what's done most to gag democracy in this country is the sense that John Howard is futile.' (p.5)
• 'Even today Australian's remain subjects more than citizens' (p. 26)
• 'Over the last decade "practical" has become the key Howard word used to stop debate in its tracks' (p.27)
• [the] 'steady attack on the liberty of the press saw Australia plunge to thirty-fifth place, behind many former Soviet Bloc countries, in the latest Press Freedom Index compiled by Reporters sans Frontieres' (p. 31)
• 'the steady constriction of public debate under Howard has aroused no deep concern in Australia. Only the little parties will touch the issue. Labor's indifference is colossal. We've accepted this as we've accepted so much in the last decade: not with enthusiasm, but with resigned forbearance. Isn't it just what governments do?' (p. 33)
• 'The defining mood of the Howard years is an uneasy fear of each other, the fear that we're growing apart, that we're not engaged in the same enterprise of being Australian' (p.46)
• 'Abuse of those who challenge mainstream ideas is routine in Howard's Australia' (p.47)
• Analysts call this "dog whistling", as if Howard invented it. Old-times recognise a man who speaks out of both sides of his mouth' (p. 49)
• [Attorney General] 'Ruddock is one of the most fascinating figures Australian politics has thrown up for decades. He is a blank page in a dark suit' (p.62)
• 'How perfectly it sums up the Old Voltairean who's sat atop public debate in this country for the last decade, that he sets the dogs on his critics, prosecutes bureaucrats, intimidates NGOs, rounds up street protesters, bans books, censors the phone lines, turns hardline Christian doctrine into law, undermines Freedom of Information, hides anti-terrorism operations behind punitive press laws and leaves dissenters exposed to sedition charges - but defends the prerogatives of racist rant, even when it edges over the line into violence'. (p. 68)

As someone who has lived through Blair in the UK some of the lines above seem uncannily apt for him as well. I held a party at our home when Blair was first elected (something not very common in the UK where voting is on a Thursday) and I plan to throw one here when, at last, he departs at the end of the month.

The hall at Melbourne Uni was packed for David Marr's conversation and despite the large number of Howard haters present Marr was balanced, acknowledging that previous federal Labor Governments and some current State Labor governments had invented the tactics that Howard has so successfully refined. Had I managed to get my questions in I would have asked how, if at all, any of his (and my own) concerns spoke to the voters in the 16 seats that have to fall to Labor if government is to change? I would also have cautioned him about how open to misinterpretation and misuse, by those who do not know its origins, is the phrase 'speaking truth to power'.

Marr cites from Patrick White's famous essay 'A Prodigal Son' :

'Bitterly I had to admit, no. In all directions stretched the great Australian Emptiness, in which the mind is the least of possessions, in which the rich man is the important man, in which the schoolmaster and the journalist rule what intellectual roost there is, in which beautiful youths and girls stare at life through blind blue eyes, in which human teeth fall like autumn leaves, the buttocks of cars grow hourly glassier, food means cake and steak, muscles prevail, and the march of the material ugliness does not raise a quiver from the average nerves. It was the exaltation of the average that made me panic most...'

At this stage White's observations and Marr's reinterpretation of them speak to my experience. But my inquiry continues and I hope for better things!

Cow up a tree comes home to roost - a metaphor for much of the current policy thinking

Earlier this year I was somewhat taken aback when I encountered once again by happenstance John Kelly's 'Cow up a Tree'. This time I spotted it from the free tram that does a circuit of central Melbourne and the nearby Docklands area (see picture). The first time had been in the Avenue des Champs Elysees in Paris during the 1999 Paris Biennial. On that occasion we - my colleagues from the LEARNing Group - were taken by the work because we thought it evoked in metaphorically stark terms the uncertain future that agriculture in the Western world (industrialised agriculture) faced. We approached John Kelly and with his permission included it as a frontispiece in the book we were then developing....and we called the book Cow up a Tree. Knowing and Learning for Change in Agriculture. Case Studies from Industrialised Countries.

Philip Hopkins' editor in the Business Age (February 3, 2007) must have seen in Kelly's work similar metaphorical possibilities to ours when he used an image of it to back Hopkins' article 'High & Dry...Farmers are changing their approach to greenhouse gases and climate change, but the key issue on the land is water..' Philip's article was timely ... in hind sight it was at about the time of the great tipping point in Australian politics - the time when the coalition Government began to outwardly acknowledge that climate change was real. Since then however much of the coalition's rhetoric and pronouncements have rather left them like this proverbial cow!

It is worth considering the points that Philip made in his article (reproduced with permission):

'IT WAS a watershed week for Australian agriculture: Malcolm Turnbull was anointed as the new Minister for Environment and Water Resources, and the latest official United Nations report ramped up the fears about global warming.

The two events have enormous importance for agriculture, already struggling from drought and now facing the prospects of a future with less rain if rising greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) warm the planet.

It's Turnbull's job to fix the water supply and irrigation issues in the nation's food basket, the Murray-Darling Basin, and farmers know the score on climate change.

The National Farmers Federation clearly stated in its pre-budget submission to the Federal Government: "Climate change is possibly the biggest risk facing Australian farmers now and into the future."

Agricultural scientists agree. "There is no doubt that we must take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but of course with plenty of debate about just how, and how quickly," says Dr David Smith, a former director-general of agriculture with the Victorian Government and a leading agricultural expert.

The stakes are high. In 2004-05, Australia's 130,000 farms had an output of $36 billion - 3 per cent of Australia's gross domestic product, and 12 per cent of GDP if downstream processing is included.

Agriculture has its own greenhouse issues to deal with. In 2004, agriculture pumped out 93.1 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, the main green-house gas - about 17 per cent of Australia's national emissions, according to the Australian Greenhouse Office. But its greenhouse output was only 2 per cent higher than in 1990, the base year of the Kyoto Protocol.

Farmers, particularly those in Queensland, have faced fierce criticism over land clearing. In 1990, land clearing and forestry accounted for 23.5 per cent of national emissions, but 14 years later, that was down to only 6.3 per cent - a fall of 73 per cent.

A study by Allen Consulting for the NFF identified agriculture's key greenhouse outputs - methane from farting cattle, which make up 11.4 per cent of national emissions, and soil cultivation, particularly the use of fertilisers. However, the difficulty in accurately measuring agriculture's GHGs means the sector will probably never be subject to caps and any emissions trading system.

The author of the Allen report, Brett Janissen, says the European Union has no plans to impose controls on farm GHGs in its emissions trading system. It's a similar tale in New Zealand, where a proposal for a fart tax on cattle was dropped after farmer rage.
Besides, Janissen says "where dollars are attached to emissions", greater accuracy is required than in Australia's national greenhouse gas inventory. Nevertheless, an ability to supply emission offsets is also a potential money earner for agriculture. "Emission offsets . . . represent a vehicle for voluntary participation in the trading system," he says.
Greenhouse sinks are also possible new income sources - farm forestry, through sequestration of carbon in the trees, and land-based sequestration such as saltbush planting.
Janissen says farmers will not be immune from green-house costs. The focus on energy is bound to raise electricity prices, affecting the price of goods used on the farm, such as machinery, power and fuel.

David Smith is adamant that Australian agriculture can deal with greenhouse issues and climate change. Smith, 78, an author, farmer and shire councillor who has worked with the World Bank in Africa, emphasises the need for proper research.

Regarding methane emissions from cattle, "there's a fair amount of research going on forage crops", he says. "When they're eaten by the animal, they give off less methane. Another aspect of this is having different micro-organisms feeding into the gut of the animal so it doesn't make the same amount of methane and fart outcome."

For Smith, soil enrichment is not just one of Australian agriculture's great successes, it will help fight climate change and act as a greenhouse sink.

"We're not beating hell out of the soil with tillage like Europe is doing," he says. "No till" and "direct drilling" - where seeds are direct drilled and soil impact is minimised - help retain moisture. "Since 1970 we have broadly more than doubled our efficiency of water use in crop lands," he says. Less tillage saves fuel from machines - a big source of carbon dioxide.

Dr Vanessa Findlay, head of natural resources management at the NFF, says by moving from tillage to minimum or no tillage, "you increase the carbon storage in the soil". "It's quite difficult to put the carbon back in the soil and it's easily lost. It's a difficult process to include in any emissions trading or carbon credit scheme," she says. "But that's not to say the potential for soil carbon in the overall scheme of dealing with climate change is not huge, because it is."
Smith believes the role of trees on farms in fighting climate change is exaggerated. "There are still some windswept farms, but generally speaking, Landcare has done a lot of good. We are not in bad balance these days," he says.

Findlay, who says the NFF wants farm forestry emphasised in the Government's plan to treble plantations by 2020, is more upbeat about the green-house sink possibilities of deep-rooted perennial grasses. "They are associated with no-till practices and cover a whole range of grasses particular to the area the farm is in," she says. Another option is legume plants, such as peas, pulses and beans. "They are an organic source of nitrogen for the soil. That's part of maximising the carbon in your soil when you undertake no-till practices," she says.

Bioenergy, such as an increased use of ethanol on the farm and by motorists, is another potential greenhouse-plus, but it's a tough one for the NFF. Livestock producers who use grain in feedlots see the risk of increased demand lowering supplies and pushing up prices, but grain producers see the chance of new markets.

Water remains the key problem. Turnbull's brief is to find a solution to the water allocation and irrigation problems in the Murray Darling. Further south and west, the non-irrigated cropping areas were defined in the 19th century by the "Goyder line", which marked the point beyond which rainfall was too unreliable for agriculture.

"In the last few decades, as we have moved into more efficient moisture management, we have effectively moved the Goyder line further north," says Smith. A study of Andrew Polkinghorne's property at Lock, right on the Goyder line in South Australia, showed that wheat yields have doubled since 1970. "This is extremely good moisture management, which I think has been the triumph of the last 30 years in grain farming . . . It (the Goyder line) may be coming back south again, but it's hard to tell," he says.

Smith says Goyder made his assessment on the technology of his time. "The boundaries of wheat farming - well, you find out by wheat farming . . . by doing it," he says.
This will be the test if climate change does bite. "If an area for several seasons doesn't give you a reasonable return, your boundaries will move back," he says. "It (agriculture) must be adaptive and well supported by good science. It's not just stupid people blundering around in the dark. But there are time lags between identification and adaptation."

A rainfall map of Nagambie, a representative site in central Victoria, shows clearly that average rainfall was greater in the second half of the 20th century than the first. The current dry spell has still not reached the depths of the 1940s, but there are indications that the century's dry first half may be returning. "If this is the norm, we are in deep trouble. Forget even global warming for a minute," Smith says.

Recycling sewage or waste water for agriculture is only in its infancy, but Smith says it's much more preferable than recycling sewage for drinking water. "Your sewage water is loaded with nutrients - phosphorous and nitrogen. I'd far rather see that water used in agriculture using it as nutrient, selling as fertilised water," he says.
Findlay agrees. "With the community 'yuck' factor associated with drinking recycled water, the opportunity to use it for agriculture is high," she says.

Findlay says there is talk of putting in pipelines to take water from rural areas to urban towns short of water. "The same opportunity is there to use the same pipelines to reverse it and send recycled water back the other way. You would put in a dual system," she says. "Big rural towns create a lot of sewage. It doesn't make a lot of sense in a country as dry as Australia - this has nothing to do with climate change, although climate change is likely to enhance it - to use the water only once. It just seems crazy."

Phillip's article raises many relevant issues. I wonder for example how the NFF claim that climate change is farmer's biggest risk sits, within the coalition, alongside Howard's ongoing support for the coal industry and other big emitters? On the other hand the article accepts too many assertions uncritically, in that several proposals being argued have systemic flaws - this is in fact a major theme addressed in various case studies in the 'Cow up a Tree' book. Some of these include:
1. The implicit acknowledgement that feed-lotting should continue - it is a biologically inefficient industry and future climate change policy should create the circumstances for its demise;
2. The lack of mention of the water required to produce different agricultural products - it is far higher for livestock than for plant production - something like 2300l of water embedded in one large hamburger;
3. The tendency still to seek magic bullet solutions - non-farting animals or grazing plants that reduce farting - long shots that are unlikely ever to bring outcomes at the level of the herd or whole farm enterprise;
4. Lack of recognition that with climate change, particularly in southern Australia, uncertainty and associated climate variability may be exacerbated thus making long-term financial viability of many dryland farming enterprises more problematic;
5. Little mention of climate change also threatening irrigation areas and intensifying conflicts over the use of water, particularly between production and environment;

Lets hope that a few more people have the same sensibilities as Philip Hopkin's editor and realise that with thinking as usual we become the cow up the tree!

Fundamentalism has nothing to offer - whether of religion or science

I took in most of the two part series 'The Root of All Evil?' devoted to Richard Dawkins' exploration and denunciation of religion. At one level he is to be commended for triggering a debate about what is at issue. Like him I was appalled at some of the religious fundamentalists he encountered in making his documentary. As an explanatory device the 'capital G' form of God, with its associated institutional arrangements and practices, seems to me a device designed to avoid responsibility. But any fundamentalism does the same thing. So I was equally appalled at Dawkins' own scientistic fundamentalism and, perhaps worst of all, his lack of reflexivity. Here I concur with Margaret Somerville when she observes that Dawkins has set up an unhelpful dualism:

'In short, Dawkins — who is a fundamentalist atheist (atheism is a secular religion) — and religious fundamentalists are similar in an important respect. They take an either/or approach to everything: my beliefs or yours; religion or science; reason or faith; and so on. They then seek to reconcile what they see as the conflicts between these pairings by dropping one or the other of them. Dawkins' call for the elimination of religion demonstrates such a choice on his part. But it is an extremely dangerous proposal, likely to escalate the culture clashes and "religious wars" we are seeing.'

Either/or dualisms are about negation - they leave no scope for dialogue and for the creation of more holistic, helpful dualities. These distinctions have been taken into Economics (a good thing) but the origins of the terms seem to be disputed amongst sources. We have used these distinctions in both an earlier and current version of our Open University course, 'Environmental Decision Making: a systems approach'.

International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development

Take time if you can to look at the Drafts out for comment (before 21st May) of this extensive international exercise:

'The International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD) is a unique international effort that will evaluate the relevance, quality and effectiveness of agricultural knowledge, science, and technology (AKST); and effectiveness of public and private sector policies as well as institutional arrangements in relation to AKST.'

As I understand it the private sector is not happy with the way the Assessment is turning out - there are clearly contested positions so if you want to influence the outcome have a look.

Australia's Right To Know - an initiative that needs to succeed

'AUSTRALIA'S largest newspaper, television and radio companies today will set aside their traditional rivalries to unite behind a new public campaign designed to protect free speech.

Fairfax Media, publisher of The Age, News Ltd, FreeTV representing free-to-air television networks, the ABC and SBS, and commercial radio broadcasters will argue that free speech is being eroded through more than 500 federal and state laws and regulations.

The media coalition will fund a national study outlining current restrictions on expression, which will be used as the basis for a new public campaign...'

Green fuels on the wrong track?

John Vidal's article makes sound sense in pointing out some of the systemic traps in policies that pursue 'green fuels' developments. It is:

'based on the most comprehensive survey yet of energy crops, such as palm oil, maize, sugar cane, soya and jatropha, with 30 UN agencies contributing.'

Some green fuels development may be OK in Brasil or parts of Argentina (but even there it can be pursued at the expense of habitat destruction). The expansion of corn-based fuel production in the US just does not add up in environmental terms and seems to me a purely political ploy to appease powerful mid-west US interests.

Studies also vary greatly in their boundary conditions and thus what is internalized or externalized to the 'system of interest'. For example, in this University of Minnesota study benefits from ethanol are seen as positive because gain is attributed to livestock production without 'problematising' the issues associated with the environmental sustainability of their animal production systems.

Thinking systemically - how to do it

Frank Fisher (from the Understandascope) in an article in today's Age shows how systemic thinking can be used to break out of traps. Traps develop when current ways of thinking about, and acting in, the world are no longer adequate. Here is a flavour:

'Beyond these largely well-known consequences of the thermal power stations are their less well-known environmental demands for water, ecological, geological and climatological dislocation. In the case of water, we are talking about water for cooling, the dispersal of "waste" heat equivalent to twice the energy shipped out as electricity, which when dumped into airsheds around power stations causes local and global climate changes. Local ecosystems are extensively damaged, especially around the respective mines and power stations by earth and water movements and a range of polluting gases and particulates. Geological changes are made through mining, redistribution of mass ("overburden"), site drainage and water course (aquifer) changes'.

We need much more of this!

'Climate change adaptation' is the new buzz phrase in Oz

As evidenced by last Tuesday's Australian Federal Budget, concern in Oz has at last shifted beyond the debate about whether climate change is 'real' or not. Not before time the phrase 'climate change adaptation' is now the rage. In negotiations between the States and Federal Government (COAG) action has become framed in the following terms:

'COAG welcomed the Commonwealth’s commitment of up to $26 million to establish and manage the Australian Centre for Climate Change Adaptation and $100 million program funding for the Centre over five years. The work will assist particularly affected sectors and regions, planning bodies, farmers, businesses and local government to understand better the impacts of climate change and to develop responses.

The adaptation centre will be managed by the Commonwealth but will work closely with the States and related bodies to ensure a coordinated national approach as envisaged by the National Adaptation Framework.'

In many ways this is a good thing, but of course much later in coming than it should have been. However, before the concept becomes more entrenched, or reified, I hope there will be some exploration of what the phrase reveals and conceals.

What do I mean by reveal and conceal? Well all metaphors have entailments that reveal and conceal. Take the idea of countryside as a tapestry - in England this reveals concerns about the patterns, borders, field geometry, texture etc., of the countryside. The same metaphor conceals other aspects such as the smells, noise, danger that can also exist in countrysides. So a metaphor brings forth some things and hides others - and this can lead to unintended consequences when particular metaphors are used to frame policies and practices.

With climate change adaptation my fear is that this will reify understandings, widespread in ecology and environmental science, that there is a knowable and predictable environment to which we and other species can adapt. Such a reification is a negation of the understanding that adaptation is a co-evolutionary process that unfolds every day. For me the big question that funds for climate change adaptation needs to address is:

How can we favourably alter our (Homo sapiens sapiens) current trajectory as quickly as possible within our co-evolutionary drift with the biophysical world and with other species?

To explore this question requires systemic understandings and practices.

So little systemic analysis of major policy initiatives in the mainstream media

ASEN (Australian Student's Environment Network) held a launch of a new report, 'Opportunities to Waste. Australian Universities and the Nuclear Industry' at the University of Melbourne the other night. The recommendations from their report deserve consideration - I hope they are examined by the Senates of Australian Universities and then taken up.

At the same event a new documentary 'Climate of Hope' was shown. It is an excellent documentary that begins to develop the sort of systemic analysis that is so obviously missing from reporting and debate about expansion of uranium mining and nuclear power. Journalists and others need to appreciate:

• the water requirements to mine uranium and to produce yellowcake;
• the amount of ore that has to be mined and discarded to produce yellowcake
• the dangers associated with managing uranium tailings in perpetuity, and the propensity of systemic failure e.g. tailings dams
• the energy requirements to extract yellowcake and how this dramatically increases as the quality of uranium ore goes down

And these are just some of the factors that have to be considered before considering long term storage, human failures, technical failures, sabotage etc.

The lack of 'joined-up' thinking and action between Australia's water policy and the move to expand uranium mining is hard to fathom:

As Greens Senator, Christine Milne notes:

'The Olympic Dam mine [in South Australia] uses massive amounts of water. At present it takes 30 million litres of water a day from the Great Artesian Basin, central Australia’s ancient underground water supply. The proposed expansion of the mine originally included plans for 150 million litres of water a day to be sucked out of the ground, free of charge, some 30% of all artesian water flowing into SA.'

The following account about Climate of Hope appeared in the Perth Post:

'Scott Ludlam, producer of the documentary Climate of Hope, will introduce the project in the context of Australia's energy future.......

Climate of Hope is a 25-minute documentary intended to demystify climate change and nuclear energy.

While the threat of climate change is widely accepted in the community, the potential for a host of nuclear power stations in Australia has raised questions about the best way to move to a low-carbon economy.

The animated documentary takes viewers on a tour through the science of climate change, the nuclear fuel chain, and the energy revolution.

Scott Ludlam is a campaigner with the Fremantle Anti-Nuclear Group (FANG) and lead Senate candidate for the WA Greens in the 2007 federal election.

He said his introduction to nuclear issues was the succesful campaign to stop the Jabiluka uranium mine in the Northern Territory.

He said this opened his eyes to the environmental and human rights consequences of the nuclear industry worldwide.'

Universities worldwide are losing sight of their “social, cultural and intellectual objectives”

This claim is made in a recent report from the The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education. The reason given in the report is that 'commercial forces turn [universities] into simple producers of “commodities”.

'The report,...... warns that the rise of commercial forces is threatening the developing world, where demand for higher education risks being exploited.

The report says that universities in relatively rich countries are rushing to offer degree courses in the developing world, and that governments in developing countries are keen to welcome them to help meet demand.

After decades of underinvestment, there is renewed interest in strengthening higher education in poor countries because it is seen as a key element in building a knowledge economy, said report author Rajani Naidoo, director of studies for the business administration in higher education management PhD at Bath University. But most of these nations do not have the resources or staff to develop their own systems.

“The burgeoning demand combined with fragile systems of higher education… pose attractive market prospects for potential exporters,” says the report, HE as a Global Community.
But it goes on to say: “Commercial forces worldwide have propelled universities to function less as institutions, with social, cultural and indeed intellectual objectives, and more as producers of commodities that can be sold in the international marketplace.”

The report argues that government policies in developed nations, as well as the activities of transnational organisations such as the World Trade Organisation with its General Agreement on Trade in Services, have helped accelerate the trend towards transforming higher education into a global commodity.

There are some potential benefits in this trend, the report says. Foreign universities may help soak up growing demand for places on courses that cannot be met locally and could help governments respond more quickly to short-term industry needs.

But commercialisation could lead foreign universities to develop “irrelevant or inappropriate” low-cost “off-the-shelf” courses for developing countries and to underinvest in supporting facilities such as libraries.

Another danger is that, if foreign universities are unregulated, they will focus on providing courses in disciplines that are profitable and cheap to run, such as business studies. This can cause local universities to lose students on their own courses in these areas, starving them of the income they need to cross-subsidise and maintain more expensive disciplines such as medicine.

There is an urgent need for further research into this area to protect developing countries from “the most corrosive forms of commodification” in higher education, the report concludes.

Sally Hunt, University and College Union joint general secretary, said: “Universities need to step back from viewing opportunities abroad, and at home, in purely financial terms and refocus on the purpose of higher education. There is likely to be little long-term gain in the rush to set up shop overseas just because it appears a profitable exercise. In fact the international reputation of UK higher education could be at risk from fly-by night operations.”

Seeing Red - questions triggered by reading the book by Nicholas Humphrey

At the suggestion of my colleague David Russell, with whom I share an interest in the biology of cognition, I spent some time late last year reading this book by Nicholas Humphrey. The publisher's blurb says:

'Humphrey offers a daring and novel solution (to the question what is the point of consciousness), arguing that sensations are not things that happen to us, they are things we do--originating in our primordial ancestors' expressions of liking or disgust. Tracing the evolutionary trajectory through to human beings, he shows how this has led to sensations playing the key role in the human sense of Self.'

Here are some of the thoughts I jotted down as I read the book (the references below to first and second-order understandings come from our book).

1. I liked the personality of the author that emerges through the writing. Also the use of diagrams, figures, analogies and metaphors.

2. I imagined as I read being in the same room, if not the same conversation, as Humberto {Maturana} and Nicholas.

3. I wondered why they were not already in some form of conversation - as appears evident from the lack of reference to Maturana's work (or indirectly through Varela)?

4. I felt the explanations that Nicholas offers and those of Humberto intersect - they are potentially illuminating of each other - and thus for us who engage with both, it is possible to see /ask things we did not see/ask before.

5. I liked the experiential grounding from which the explanations flow.

6. Some metaphors and thus explanations jarred - channels, information, encoded etc (and other first order metaphors).

7. I was unclear on where the author stands on the mind-body duality other than the bold explanation of it being an evolutionary outcome. I will mull on this.

8. Part of my concerns re (7) relate to the role that other receptors (e.g. peptides) may play in cognition and also the importance of the role of the history of the nervous system (as a closed system) structurally coupled within an organism to an environment (for example see 'Molecules of Emotion' by Candice Pert).

9. Can you smell carrots: (Figure 12) seems, in our terms, a second order explanation?

10. I would like to talk more about how we can talk about experience- we could start with 'What is required of an experience if it is to be such that a subject can proudly be the subject of it? (p. 125.)

11. What would happen if he changed the starting question? i.e. it was no longer a question about consciousness

12. I need to look up effable in the dictionary!

13. The explanation based on action seems to resonate with Maturana's 'all knowing is doing'.

14. In figure 15 why does he go straight to a brain rather than a network?

15. What would Maturana's account of living in language (or language using us) bring to this account? Also the braiding of emotioning and languaging?

16. p. 93 - but one's body can deceive! (e.g. referred pain)

17. Might we claim that projective empathy (Humphrey) and love (Maturana) were the same phenomenon?

18 The reference to Nietzsche I found illuminating - and would like to have had this theme developed - relates to what it is to be social?

19. The explanations pp. 105-6 - is this a mechanism for ethics arising (as per Heinz von Foerster) - act so as to maximise choice? Also (further down) imagination.

20 I find use of 'subjective present' jarring in that it conceals our structural coupling.

21. Were Argyris and Schon grappling for some aspects of 'stretched time' in their distinctions between reflection in action and reflection on action?

22. Discussion on past present and future pp. 117-8 not as satisfying (for me) as the ripple story of Maturana's (an ever expanding wave front when a pebble is thrown in a pond - also a metaphor for evolution).

23. Could temporal thickening be related to molecular dynamics e.g. lags or life cycle of peptides?

24. 'lifts the subject out of zombiedom' - lets discuss.

25. Will human consciousness destroy the conditions for its existence?

Here is how some others reacted to the book. This review was less enthusiastic.

Consider subscribing to IIED News Feeds

In my experience one of the most consistently reliable NGOs in the field of Environment and Development is the London-based International Institute for Environment & Development (IIED).

Small 'p' political activism via the net

As well as new Think Tanks such as the Centre for Policy Development and Per Capita the current political situation in Australia is spawning web-based political activism. A good thing.